The provided text details the life and work of Howard Crosby Butler (1872–1922), a pivotal American archaeologist who transitioned the field from romantic exploration to systematic scientific discipline. His contributions are primarily highlighted through his three archaeological expeditions to Syria (1899–1909), where his architectural training enabled him to meticulously document Roman and Byzantine structures, creating an invaluable archive, particularly crucial now due to modern conflicts. The text also covers his significant excavations at Sardis (1910–1914, 1922), which, despite being cut short by war and his untimely death, yielded vital insights into the Lydian capital. Furthermore, it emphasizes Butler's profound impact as an educator and institution-builder at Princeton University, where he shaped the School of Architecture and inspired future generations. Finally, the source discusses Butler's enduring legacy, including the digital resurrection of his archives through the Butler Archive Project, which ensures his meticulous documentation remains relevant for contemporary cultural heritage preservation efforts.
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