The provided source offers a comprehensive overview of the Rifa'i Sufi order, tracing its origins to the 12th century with its founder, Shaykh Ahmad al-Rifa'i, in the Iraqi marshlands. It explores al-Rifa'i's life, teachings, and prestigious lineage, noting his emphasis on integrating Islamic law (Shari'a) with mystical practices (tariqa) through virtues like humility and compassion. The text details the order's historical expansion from Iraq into the Levant, Anatolia, the Balkans, and parts of South and Southeast Asia, highlighting its adaptive nature. Furthermore, it describes the Rifa'i's distinctive ritual practices, particularly the "burhan" (proof), which includes dramatic ecstatic feats like piercing and fire-handling, and contrasts these with other Sufi orders. Finally, the source examines the order's continuity and transformation in the contemporary world, addressing its challenges and adaptations through diverse leadership and a blend of intellectual modernization and ritual preservation.
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