The Lurs and Luristan

Description

This comprehensive report details the Lurs, an Iranian people primarily defined by their Luri language and their enduring connection to the Zagros Mountains region of Luristan. It traces their origins from pre-Iranian civilizations like the Elamites and Kassites to the complex process of "Iranization" that shaped their distinct culture. The study covers Luristan's history from periods of imperial rule to significant eras of local autonomy under Atabeg dynasties, alongside the impact of Mongol and Timurid invasions. Furthermore, the report examines how modern Iranian states attempted to centralize control, leading to forced sedentarization and the reshaping of Lur society, while highlighting their resilient cultural expressions through kinship, agro-pastoralism, syncretic religious practices, music, and oral traditions.

Sources

• ​ www.culturalsurvival.org, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/lurs-iran#: ~:text=The%20Lur%20or%20Lor%20are,Kuh%2DGilu%2DBoir%20Ahmed.
• ​مردم لر - ،ویکی‌پدیا ٔدانشنامه آزاد, accessed September 7, 2025, https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%B 1
• ​ Ethnic Groups in Iran - Narcis Hostel - Isfahan Travel Communicate Experience, accessed September 7, 2025, https://narcisbnb.com/ethnic-groups-in-iran/
• ​ Lurs - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurs
• ​ The Lurs of Iran | Cultural Survival, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/lurs-iran
• ​ Southern Lurs - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lurs
• ​ Luristan during the first Millennium B.C., accessed September 7, 2025, https://sanad.iau.ir/fa/Journal/jaa/DownloadFile/936194
• ​ Lorestān | Zagros Mountains, Plateau & Provinces - Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Lorestan
• ​ Lorestan: The Land of History and Nature, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.ledc.ir/News/Lorestan:-The-Land-of-History-and-Nature
• ​Lur - Summary - eHRAF World Cultures, accessed September 7, 2025, https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/ma12/summary
• ​BRONZES OF LURISTAN - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bronzes-of-luristan/
• ​LURISTAN iv. The Origin of Nomadism - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-04-origin-nomadism/
• ​Lorestan at a glance, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.abfa-lorestan.ir/node/6
• ​The Prehistoric Sites of the Khorramabad Valley - ADVENTURE ..., accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.adventureiran.com/the-prehistoric-sites-of-the-khorramabad-valley /
• ​en.wikipedia.org, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic_Era_in_Iran#:~:text=The%20most%20wel l%20known%20sites,Kaftar%20Khoun%2C%20and%20Qaleh%20Bozi
• ​Palaeolithic Era in Iran - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic_Era_in_Iran
• ​Zagros Mountains - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains
• ​UNESCO adds Iran's Khorramabad Valley to World Heritage List, highlighting 60000 years of human history - Archaeology News, accessed September 7, 2025, https://archaeologymag.com/2025/07/unesco-adds-irans-khorramabad-valley-to -world-heritage-list/
• ​Ganj Dareh - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganj_Dareh
• ​مقاله در مورد تاریخچه لرستان - سایت مگ ایرانز, accessed September 7, 2025, https://magirans.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8 %B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C% D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86. htm
• ​تاریخ مردم لر - ،ویکی‌پدیا ٔدانشنامه آزاد, accessed September 7, 2025, https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9% 85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%B1
• ​The Elamites - ruled an empire from Susa before the Medes and Persians - iran & the iranians, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.the-persians.co.uk/elam.htm
• ​Elam - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam
• ​AncientArtifacts@groups.io | Check out the Ancient History of Luristan, accessed September 7, 2025, https://groups.io/g/AncientArtifacts/topic/check_out_the_ancient_history/4733991 2
• ​History of Iran: Elamite Empire - Iran Chamber Society, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranchamber.com/history/elamite/elamite.php
• ​New-Found Elamite Sites in South Lorestan, Iran (South Basin of Kashkan River) | Persica Antiqua, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.persicaantiqua.ir/article_199899_8c3b7688b496c5e9b30351b3321f7d
• pdf
• ​Reflecting on the Thebes Treasure and its Kassite Findings, The Glyptic Art and its Geo-Political Context and Distribution - Persica Antiqua, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.persicaantiqua.ir/article_133721.html
• ​Kassite | Babylonian, Dynasty, Rule - Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kassite
• ​The Art of Ancient Iran, Pre-Islamic Cultures Chapter Six - Notebook, accessed September 7, 2025, https://noteaccess.com/Texts/Porada/6.htm
• ​Luristan bronze - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luristan_bronze
• ​LURISTAN BRONZES i. THE FIELD RESEARCH - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-bronzes-i-the-field-research/
• ​LOST ART: Ancient Iranian Bronzes in the Union College Permanent Collection - Library Exhibitions, accessed September 7, 2025, https://exhibits.schafferlibrarycollections.org/files/original/c7ad7774585ff49da663 a250430820f66659fdd4.pdf
• ​The Museum Journal | Luristan Bronzes in the University Museum, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/13302/
• ​Top for standard - Iran - Iron Age III - The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327520
• ​Luristan Bronze | Ancient, Persian, Artifacts - Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/art/Luristan-Bronze
• ​Iron Age axe-head with spikes, and a feline figure on top; made of bronze. Lorestan, Iran, 1350 - 1200 BCE. Classified in the so-called Luristan bronzes, whose craftsmen still puzzle archaeologists regarding their identity. LA County Museum of Art, nr. M.76.97.434 [2100 x 1400 - Reddit, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/ArtefactPorn/comments/16l7i87/iron_age_axehead_with _spikes_and_a_feline_figure/
• ​استان لرستان - ،ویکی‌پدیا ٔدانشنامه آزاد, accessed September 7, 2025, https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9% 84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86
• ​Iranian Lurs Genetic Diversity: An Anthropological View Based on HLA Class II Profiles - PubMed, accessed September 7, 2025, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18698119/
• ​en.wikipedia.org, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri_language#:~:text=Luri%20(Northern%20Luri%3 A%20%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%2C,%2C%20Bakhtiari%2C%20and%20Southe rn%20Luri.
• ​Luri language - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri_language
• ​LORI LANGUAGE i. LORI DIALECTS - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lori-dialects
• ​Luri language - Wikiwand, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Lori_language
• ​The Sound of the Bakhtiari Luri language (Numbers, Greetings & The Parable) - YouTube, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJcx_-wA-5Q&pp=0gcJCf8Ao7VqN5tD
• ​ATĀBAKĀN-E LORESTĀN - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atabakan-e-lorestan/
• ​Atabeg | Seljuq official - Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/atabeg
• ​Atabeg - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabeg
• ​Khorshidi dynasty - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty
• ​Hazaraspids - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaraspids
• ​What long term effects did the Mongol invasion have on the territories they conquered? Not just Europe but the Middle East and Asia too. : r/history - Reddit, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/history/comments/gkgf54/what_long_term_effects_did_ the_mongol_invasion/
• ​Il-Khanid dynasty | Persian Empire, Central Asia, Mongol Rule | Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Il-Khanid-dynasty
• ​Timurid conquests and invasions - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions
• ​Timur - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur
• ​Safavid Lorestan - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Lorestan
• ​Brooks, D.H.M, Bakhtiari overview lecture handout [pdf] - Durham University, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.dur.ac.uk/media/durham-university/departments-/anthropology/Broo ks,-D.H.M,-Bakhtiari-overview-lecture-handout-[pdf].pdf
• ​ADMINISTRATION in Iran vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar periods - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/administration-vi-safavid/
• ​LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs - Encyclopaedia ..., accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-05-religion-beliefs/
• ​FEYLĪ - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/feyli-2/
• ​ایالت قوم لر - ،ویکی‌پدیا ٔدانشنامه آزاد, accessed September 7, 2025, https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9 %82%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%B1
• ​zand - Royal Ark, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.royalark.net/Persia/zand.htm
• ​Zand dynasty - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty
• ​Loristan of Kurdistan, accessed September 7, 2025, https://kurdistanchronicle.com/b/2588
• ​Zand Dynasty | Iran Tour and Travel with IranianTours, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iraniantours.com/historical-period/zand-dynasty-2/
• ​Lorestan province - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorestan_province
• ​پيشينه‌ی بافت تاريخي شهر خرم‌آباد فيلي در دوره‌ی پهلوي - پایگاه خبری تحلیلی آوای سیمره, accessed September 7, 2025, https://avayeseymare.ir/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%E 2%80%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D 8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%B1 %D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-2/
• ​لرستان در آینه تاریخ, accessed September 7, 2025, http://lorestandat.parsiblog.com/
• ​Bakhtiari people - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtiari_people
• ​Lurs | Encyclopedia.com, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts- and-maps/lurs
• ​(PDF) Nomad Iconography on Tombstones from Luristan, Iran - ResearchGate, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326887691_Nomad_Iconography_on_To mbstones_from_Luristan_Iran
• ​آلبوم تصاویر مناطق بمباران شده خرم آباد در دوران دفاع مقدس - نوید شاهد, accessed September 7, 2025, https://navideshahed.com/fa/news/576113/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88% D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%8 6%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8% A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A2%D 8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7 %D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8% B3
• ​نقش رزمندگان لرستان در هشت سال دفاع مقدس - ایرنا, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.irna.ir/news/81403660/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4-%D8%B1%D8%B2 %D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B 3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D 8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%82 %D8%AF%D8%B3
• ​«موقعیت »لرستان د تاری دفا مقد کجاست -ایبن, accessed September 7, 2025 https://www.ibna.ir/news/324418/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%DB%8C% D8%AA-%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B 1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8 %B9-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3% D8%AA
• ​NOMADISM - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nomadism/
• ​Southern Lur of Iran, accessed September 7, 2025, https://frontiers.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8% E7%9B%A7%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA-Southern-Lurs-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97 -Iran.pdf
• ​Yarsanism - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarsanism
• ​Persian Folk Music in Lorestan - YouTube, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkm5F_O9Q5Q
• ​کتاب ادبیات شفاهی قوم لر - انتشارات آرون, accessed September 7, 2025, https://arvannashr.ir/product/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8 %AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87% DB%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%84%D8%B1/
• ​ادبیات لری - ،ویکی‌پدیا ٔدانشنامه آزاد, accessed September 7, 2025, https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8% AA_%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C
• ​Tribes Of Iran - eHRAF World Cultures, accessed September 7, 2025, https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/cultures/ma12/documents/002
• ​en.wikipedia.org, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains#:~:text=The%20Lurs%20are%20a n%20Iranic,Shahr%2De%20Kord%2C%20Yasuj.
• ​Are Kurds or Lurs indigenous to the Zagros Mountains? - Quora, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.quora.com/Are-Kurds-or-Lurs-indigenous-to-the-Zagros-Mountains
• ​Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/
• ​Encyclopædia Iranica - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica
• ​BAHMAʾĪ - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bahmai-a-lur-tribe-of-the-kohgiluya-kuh-e -giluya/
• ​قوم لر - SID, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/SearchPaperlight.aspx?str=%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8 5%20%D9%84%D8%B1
• ​Schaffer Library exhibits ancient Iranian bronzes - Union College, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.union.edu/news/stories/201801/schaffer-library-exhibits-ancient-iran ian-bronzes
• ​Luristan Excavation Documents: Sangtarashan, an Iron Age Site in Pish Kuh, accessed September 7, 2025, https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/luristan-excavation-documents-sangtarashan-ir on-age-site-pish-kuh
• ​The Luristan Empire: Beauty of Bronze | Ancient & Oriental, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.antiquities.co.uk/blog/near-east/the-luristan-empire-beuaty-of-bron ze/
• ​Museum Bulletin | A Collection of Bronzes from Luristan, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.penn.museum/sites/bulletin/778/
• ​Bronzes of Luristan - Society of Friends of the Cernuschi Museum, accessed September 7, 2025, https://amis-musee-cernuschi.org/en/bronzes-du-luristan/
• ​Ancient Near Eastern Luristan Artifacts Antiquities For Sale - Time Vault Gallery, accessed September 7, 2025, https://timevaultgallery.com/ancient-near-eastern-luristan-bronze-ancient-artifa cts-weapons-antiquities-for-sale/
• ​Barnes Collection Online — Possibly Iranian (Luristan): Bronze Figurine, accessed September 7, 2025, http://collection.barnesfoundation.org/objects/6685/barnes-collection-object/
• ​Bronze and iron weapons from Luristan - Repositorio Institucional UCA, accessed September 7, 2025, https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/7229/1/bronze-iron-weapons-l uristan.pdf
• ​LURISTAN BRONZES ii. CHRONOLOGY - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-bronzes-ii-chronology/
• ​Luristan bronzes - The Artistic Adventure of Mankind, accessed September 7, 2025, https://arsartisticadventureofmankind.wordpress.com/tag/luristan-bronzes/
• ​Elam and Persia | January 2013 (117.1) - American Journal of Archaeology, accessed September 7, 2025, https://ajaonline.org/book-review/1477/
• ​Medes, Persians, and Elamites - Ancient World History, accessed September 7, 2025, http://earlyworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/03/medes-persians-and-elamites.ht ml
• ​Medes - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes
• ​What language was spoken by the original inhabitants of present-day Iran: the Elamites, the Medes, or the Achaemenids? - Quora, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.quora.com/What-language-was-spoken-by-the-original-inhabitants -of-present-day-Iran-the-Elamites-the-Medes-or-the-Achaemenids
• ​the lure of the luristan bronzes - Journal.fi, accessed September 7, 2025, https://journal.fi/finsktmuseum/article/download/120312/71626/240478
• ​ Luristan Bronzes | National Museum of Ireland, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.museum.ie/en-IE/Collections-Research/Collection/Documentation-D iscoveries/Artefact/Luristan-Bronzes/641f4f23-e5b6-4d30-b253-edc1e993ad97
• ​ 2 Approximate location of the ancient sites in the Luristan area and Mesopotamia. - ResearchGate, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Approximate-location-of-the-ancient-sites-i n-the-Luristan-area-and-Mesopotamia_fig20_236888302
• ​ The Bronze artefact deposits from the Iron Age site of Sangtarashan (Luristan, Iran), accessed September 7, 2025, https://archeorient.hypotheses.org/8590
• ​ Kassites | EBSCO Research Starters, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/kassites
• ​ Complex local settlement in Zagros Mountains before the Assyrians expanded into this region, accessed September 7, 2025, https://slemani-antiquities.com/detail?id=60
• ​ Collapse in the Mid - 2nd Millennium, accessed September 7, 2025, http://www.unm.edu/~gbawden/328-coll/328-coll.htm
• ​ KASSITES - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kassites/
• ​ The Mountain Peoples in the Ancient Near East. The Case of the Zagros in the First Millennium BCE. Classica et Orientalia 18, accessed September 7, 2025, https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018.09.31/
• ​ Expedition Magazine | Aspects of Elamite Art and Archaeology - Penn Museum, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/aspects-of-elamite-art-and-archaeol ogy/
• ​ PALEOLITHIC AGE IN IRAN - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/paleolithic-age/
• ​ Archaeologists uncover evidence of Neanderthal habitation in Ghamari Cave, Iran, accessed September 7, 2025, https://archaeologymag.com/2025/03/neanderthal-habitation-evidence-in-gham ari-cave-iran/
• ​ Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent - PMC - PubMed Central, accessed September 7, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5113750/
• ​ 11000-year-old feast in Iran's Zagros Mountains reveals long-distance animal transport and early Neolithic social rituals - Archaeology News, accessed September 7, 2025, https://archaeologymag.com/2025/07/11000-year-old-feast-in-irans-zagros-mou ntains/
• ​ Zagros Paleolithic Museum: Prehistoric Iran Unveiled - OrientTrips, accessed September 7, 2025, https://orienttrips.com/mag/zagros-paleolithic-museum/
• ​ The central and northern Zagros during the Late Chalcolithic: An updated ceramic chronology based on recent fieldwork results in western Iran - OpenEdition Journals, accessed September 7, 2025, https://journals.openedition.org/paleorient/366?lang=en
• ​ Mortensen, P. (1974). A survey of prehistoric settlements in Northern Luristan. Acta Archaeologia, 45, 1-47. - References - Scientific Research Publishing, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=960817
• ​ Little Lorestān | region, Iran - Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Little-Lorestan
• ​ Banu Shumleh; the Issue of Legitimacy and Their Local Politics, accessed September 7, 2025, https://localhistories.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_8045.html?lang=en
• ​ Atabeg - Wikiwand, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Atabeg
• ​ Kurdish-Luri identity dispute - Wikiwand, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Kurdish-Luri_identity_dispute
• ​ Dynasty - Discover Islamic Art, accessed September 7, 2025, https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/dynasty.php?id=6&
• ​ Eldegüzid dynasty | Persian Empire, Seljuq Dynasty, Atabegs - Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eldeguzid-dynasty
• ​ Atabegs of Azerbaijan - New World Encyclopedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atabegs_of_Azerbaijan
• ​ Seljuk Empire - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire
• ​ Seljuq | History & Facts - Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Seljuq
• ​ Ilkhanate - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate
• ​ The Art of the Ilkhanid Period (1256–1353) - The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-ilkhanid-period-1256-1353
• ​ Lorestan - هاوین, accessed September 7, 2025, https://howin.tours/city/lorestan/
• ​ Timurid Empire - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire
• ​ Tamerlane and the Timurids | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, accessed September 7, 2025, https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.00 01/acrefore-9780190277727-e-10?p=emailAyT7PH7PP.XmU&d=/10.1093/acrefore/
• 001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-10
• ​ The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507) - The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-art-of-the-timurid-period-ca-1370-150 7
• ​ 16 CENTRAL ASIA UNDER TIMUR FROM 1370 TO THE EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY - UNESCO, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa% 20silk%20road_central%20asia%20under%20timur.pdf
• ​ Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran - National Academic Digital Library of Ethiopia, accessed September 7, 2025, http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/18647/1/19.pdf.pdf
• ​ (PDF) Iranian Lurs Genetic Diversity: An Anthropological View Based on HLA Class II Profiles - ResearchGate, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23165944_Iranian_Lurs_Genetic_Diversi ty_An_Anthropological_View_Based_on_HLA_Class_II_Profiles
• ​ (PDF) The Islamization and Ethnogenesis of the Fereydani Georgians - ResearchGate, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228110058_The_Islamization_and_Ethn ogenesis_of_the_Fereydani_Georgians
• ​ Lev Gumilev, Ethnogenesis and Eurasianism - UCL Discovery, accessed September 7, 2025, https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446515/1/U602440.pdf
• ​ Iranian People: Iranian Ethnic Groups - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_15_August_2013/24.pdf
• ​ ATĀBAK - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atabak-turkish-atabeg-lit/
• ​ Did the Mongol invasions have any significant impact to eastern Europe's development vs. Western europe? - Reddit, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1k9cwqa/did_the_mongol_inva sions_have_any_significant/
• ​ The Mongol Invasion - Express to Russia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.expresstorussia.com/experience-russia/the-mongol-invasion.html
• ​ Effects of the Mongol Empire on Europe - ThoughtCo, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.thoughtco.com/mongols-effect-on-europe-195621
• ​ Sultan Timur's Empire - Mughal Library, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.mughallibrary.com/maps-1/sultan-timur's-empire
• ​ An Important and Rare Luristan Terracotta Bull with Snakes - Alexander Ancient Art, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.alexanderancientart.com/697.php
• ​ FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods - Encyclopaedia ..., accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fars-iv/
• ​ ARMY v. Qajar Period - Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-v/
• ​ A Brief History of 20th-Century Iran - Grey Art Museum, accessed September 7, 2025, https://greyartmuseum.nyu.edu/2015/12/a-brief-history-of-20th-century-iran/
• ​ Pahlavi dynasty | Iran, Coups, Revolution, & Founder | Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pahlavi-dynasty
• ​ Iran before the Revolution - 1970s Life under the Shah (scanned in 4K) - YouTube, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWrcP6ruJ6k&vl=en
• ​ The Dirty Secrets About How Reza Shah Destroyed Iran - Fair Observer, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.fairobserver.com/politics/the-dirty-secrets-about-how-reza-shah-d estroyed-iran/
• ​ The Rise of Nomad Tribes,1500–1800 (Chapter 7) - Cambridge University Press, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/nomads-in-the-middle-east/rise-of-nom ad-tribes15001800/638D9E424B3D66B0E0FAF733C941C674
• ​ "Study of the Interaction of the Lur Ethnic Group with the National Government of Iran and Their Perception of Ethnicity and the National State", accessed September 7, 2025, https://ijar.ut.ac.ir/article_99175.html?lang=en
• ​ Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Persian_Constitutional_ Revolution
• ​ (PDF) Anthropology: Social and Cultural, in Iran and Afghanistan - ResearchGate, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311587441_Anthropology_Social_and_C ultural_in_Iran_and_Afghanistan
• ​ ANTHROPOLOGY: Black-Michaud: Sheep and Land: The Economics of Power in a Tribal Society (Book Review) - ProQuest, accessed September 7, 2025, https://search.proquest.com/openview/71a8dc6653c6ff19351a740e4a07abd0/1?p q-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1821138
• ​ NOMADS, TRIBES, AND THE STATE IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, accessed September 7, 2025, https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/ois5.pdf
• ​ The Rise of Pastoralism in the Ancient Near East, accessed September 7, 2025, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/9z903822c?locale=en
• ​ Evidences of Unusual Interment and Aspects of Ritual Beliefs at Iran during Iron Age: A Case Study on Southern Coasts of Caspian Sea, accessed September 7, 2025, http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.archaeology.20190701.02.html
• ​ (PDF) The study of reliefs upon Luristan's bronze Maces and Axes according to the best found examples in the Falak-Ol-Aflak museum in Khoram Abad - ResearchGate, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341003460_The_study_of_reliefs_upon _Luristan's_bronze_Maces_and_Axes_according_to_the_best_found_examples_in _the_Falak-Ol-Aflak_museum_in_Khoram_Abad
• ​ 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Iran - U.S. Department of State, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ir an
• ​ The lurs and their music - National Museum of Denmark, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050 -ad/the-bronze-age/the-lurs-of-the-bronze-age/the-lurs-and-their-music/
• ​ Lur - Organology: Musical Instruments Encyclopedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://organology.net/instrument/lur/
• ​ Folk Music and Oral Tradition - “The Study of Folk Music in the Modern World” in “The Study Of Folk Music In The Modern World” | Open Indiana | Indiana University Press, accessed September 7, 2025, https://publish.iupress.indiana.edu/read/the-study-of-folk-music-in-the-modern- world/section/a5a7cdc5-93e8-47eb-ba27-5bc4c386e50b
• ​ Oral tradition - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition
• ​ Oral Traditions - Recent Researches in Music - Publications - A-R Editions, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.areditions.com/publications/recent-researches-in-music/rr-oral-trad itions.html
• ​ Lurs are Lurs : r/NewIran - Reddit, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/NewIran/comments/1jtw6w5/lurs_are_lurs/
• ​ Is it true that some northern lurs consider themselves kurds : r/kurdistan - Reddit, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/kurdistan/comments/1ioy4g0/is_it_true_that_some_nort hern_lurs_consider/
• ​ Poverty and Income Inequality in the Islamic Republic of Iran - OpenEdition Journals, accessed September 7, 2025, https://journals.openedition.org/ried/11807
• ​ An Iranian Worldview: The Strategic Culture of the Islamic Republic - Marine Corps University, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MCU-Journal/J ournal-of-Advanced-Military-Studies-SI-2022/An-Iranian-Worldview-The-Strategi c-Culture-of-the-Islamic-Republic/
• ​ What brought about the Islamic revolution in Iran? : r/AskHistorians - Reddit, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/10r0nl/what_brought_about_t he_islamic_revolution_in_iran/
• ​ Islam in Iran - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iran
• ​ The Islamic Republic of Iran: A Dangerous Regime - United States Department of State, accessed September 7, 2025, https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-islamic-republic-of-iran-a-dangerous-regime/
• ​ Persians - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians
• ​ THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM, accessed September 7, 2025, https://ia600507.us.archive.org/5/items/EncyclopaediaOfIslamVol.4IranKha/Encyc lopaedia%20of%20Islam%2C%20vol.%204%20%28Iran-Kha%29.pdf
• ​ Aspects of Kinship in Ancient Iran by D. Potts - Paper - University of California Press, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.ucpress.edu/books/aspects-of-kinship-in-ancient-iran-2/paper
• ​ NEO64 - A man buried in Russia in the Neolithic era report, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.dnagenics.com/ancestry/sample/view/profile/id/neo64
• ​ On the origins of specialized nomadic pastoral ism in western Iran - ResearchGate, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247043812_On_the_origins_of_specializ ed_nomadic_pastoral_ism_in_western_Iran
• ​ Pastoral Nomadism & Migration Routes in Iran | Mondopoli, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.mondopoli.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ali-Pastoral-Nomadism- Migration-Routes-in-Iran.pdf
• ​ Ali-Illahism - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Illahism
• ​ Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia - Wikipedia, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia
• ​ Pre-Islam Arabic Religion | Arab Polytheism - History of Islam, accessed September 7, 2025, https://historyofislam.org/pre-islamic-arab-religious-beliefs/
• ​ Was there any religious syncretism between Islam and traditional African religions in the regions where they made contact? - Reddit, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5rig46/was_there_any_religiou s_syncretism_between_islam/
• ​ 15 ORAL TRADITION AND THE LITERARY HERITAGE - UNESCO, accessed September 7, 2025, https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVb% 20silk%20road_oral%20tradition%20and%20the%20literary%20heritage.pdf
• ​ Poetry and Music in Ancient Iran - Canadian Center of Science and Education, accessed September 7, 2025, https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/download/11241/8008
• ​ The Religious Textual Heritage of the Yārsān (Ahl-e Haqq) - Oral Tradition Journal, accessed September 7, 2025, https://oraltradition.org/the-religious-textual-heritage-of-the-yarsan-ahl-e-haqq/
• ​ Iran-Iraq War summary | Britannica, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Iran-Iraq-War
• ​ THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF THE IRAN-IRAQ WAR Thom Workman Ph.D Candidate Department of Political Science, and Centre for, accessed September 7, 2025, https://yciss.info.yorku.ca/files/2012/06/WP05-Workman.pdf
• ​ Accounting for missing persons and exchanging human remains, Iran and Iraq: 2008–2015, accessed September 7, 2025, http://ihl-in-action.icrc.org/case-study/iraniraq-cooperation-search-and-repatriat ion-mortal-remains-after-iran-iraq-war-1980
• ​ Iranian Kurdistan Since 1979 - LSE, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.lse.ac.uk/middle-east-centre/news/iranian-kurdistan-since-1979-wor kshop
• ​ What Iran's 1979 revolution meant for the Muslim Brotherhood - Brookings Institution, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-irans-1979-revolution-meant-for-the-m uslim-brotherhood/
• ​ 40 Years Later: Iran after the Islamic Revolution | American University, Washington, D.C., accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.american.edu/sis/news/20190408-40-years-later-iran-after-the-isla mic-revolution.cfm
• ​ Iran and the Gulf states 40 years after the 1979 revolution | Middle East Institute, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-gulf-states-40-years-after-1979-revol ution
• ​لرستان در عهد قاجار - کارا کتاب, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.karaketab.com/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8 %A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7% D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A C%D8%A7%D8%B1.html
• ​گذری بر انقالب اسالمی در استان لرستان به روایت اسناد -ساواک- , accessed September 7, 2025, https://historydocuments.ir/?page=post&id=4282
• ​موسیقی ،لری قلب فرهنگی سرزمین ۶۰ هزار ساله - ایرنا, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.irna.ir/news/85916956/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82 %DB%8C-%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%81%D8 %B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D B%8C%D9%86-%DB%B6%DB%B0%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3 %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87
• ​موسیقی لرستان اصالتی از سور تا سوگ - پایگاه خبری یافته, accessed September 7, 2025, https://yaftenews.ir/notes/art-culture/41195-sorsog.html
• ​نقش نیروهای لرستان در عملیات مرصاد - هابیلیان, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.habilian.ir/fa/vije/vijenameha/Vijenameha/v007_mersad/page01_15.ht ml
• ​ ،لرستان سرزنده به لحاظ سیاسی اما متاثر از مسایل طایفه ای - ایرنا, accessed September 7, 2025, https://www.irna.ir/news/83237791/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7 %D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9% 87-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B8-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D B%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1 -%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B7%D8 %A7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C
• ​گذری بر انقالب اسالمی در استان لرستان به روایت اسناد -ساواک- (بخش), ac September 7, 2025, https://historydocuments.ir/?page=post&id=4311
• ​ "تحوالت زیرساختی و اجتماعی لرستان پس از انقالب مقایسه‌ای/اسالمی/مقای ای م و ال " - ه , accesse https://gritnews.ir/14880/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA- %D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9% 88-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D9%84% D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B 2/

Created on: September 07, 2025