The Religious History of Baghdad

Works Cited

Sources actually consulted in building and verifying this chart. Access dates are given for online sources. Where a document's full publication details could not be confirmed, the entry carries only what could be verified, nothing has been inferred.

• Marozzi, Justin. Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Allen Lane, 2014.
• Russell, Gerard. Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms: Journeys into the Disappearing Religions of the Middle East. New York: Basic Books, 2014.

• Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Niẑāmīyyah.” Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.britannica.com/place/Nizamiyyah.
• Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, s.v. “Āq Qoyunlū.” Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation/.
• Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, s.v. “Ḡāzān Khan, Maḥmūd.” Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gazan-khan-mahmud/.
• Oxford Reference, s.v. “Madrasah Nizamiyyah.” Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100125170.

• “Iraq and its Jewish minority: from the establishment of the state to the great Jewish immigration 1921-1951.” Israel Affairs 30, no. 2 (2024). Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2024.2318157.
• “Iraq: Civil-Military Relations from the Monarchy to the Republics.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Accessed July 18, 2026. https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/62239/chapter/550755727.
• The Last Jews in Baghdad. Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7560/702936.
• “Neighborhood Sectarian Displacement and the Battle for Baghdad: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Fear and Crimes Against Humanity in Iraq.” Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274141055.
• Pfeiffer, Judith. “Conversion Versions: Sultan Öljeytü’s Conversion to Shi‘ism (709/1309) in Muslim Narrative Sources.” Mongolian Studies 22 (1999). Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43193284.
• “The Ruling Political Elite in Ba‘thi Iraq, 1968–1986: The Changing Features of a Collective Profile.” International Journal of Middle East Studies. Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/ruling-political-elite-in-bathi-iraq-19681986-the-changing-features-of-a-collective-profile/D9A7804A74A3D9B781BC31A827B3FED9.
• “Violence, State-Building, and the Shia-Sunni Cleavage.” In Death, Dominance, and State-Building: The US in Iraq and the Future of American Military Intervention. Accessed July 18, 2026. https://academic.oup.com/book/56415/chapter/448410519.

• United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. “Hearing on Sectarian Violence in Iraq and the Refugee Crisis: Testimony by Dana Graber Ladek, Iraq Displacement Specialist, International Organization for Migration.” Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/releases-statements/hearing-sectarian-violence-iraq-and-refugee-crisis-testimony-dana-0.
• “Violence against Christians in Baghdad and the North.” Document IRQ102990.E. Accessed July 18, 2026. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/02/04/IRQ102990.E.pdf.